القضايا

A proposition (qaḍiyyah) is a statement concerning which it is valid to say of its speaker that he is truthful in it or lying.

Ìdánimọ̀ (qaḍiyyah) ni ọ̀rọ̀ tí ó tọ́ láti sọ fún olùsọ rẹ̀ pé ó jẹ́ olóòótọ́ nínú rẹ̀ tàbí òpùrọ́.

And it is either categorical (ḥamliyyah): like our saying: "Zayd is a writer."

Ó sì jẹ́ àyàtọ̀ sí oríṣi méjì: ìdánimọ̀ ìsọ̀rí (ḥamliyyah): bí ọ̀rọ̀ wa: "Zayd jẹ́ òǹkọ̀wé."

Or conditional conjunctive (sharṭiyyah muttaṣilah): like our saying: "If the sun is rising, then daytime exists."

Tàbí ìdánimọ̀ àdéhùn àsopọ̀ (sharṭiyyah muttaṣilah): bí ọ̀rọ̀ wa: "Bí oòrùn bá ń yọ, nígbà náà ọ̀sán wà."

Or conditional disjunctive (sharṭiyyah munfaṣilah): like our saying: "The number is either even or odd."

Tàbí ìdánimọ̀ àdéhùn ìyàtọ̀ (sharṭiyyah munfaṣilah): bí ọ̀rọ̀ wa: "Nọ́ńbà jẹ́ bóyá èyí tí ó jẹ́ méjì méjì tàbí èyí tí ó jẹ́ ọ̀kan ṣoṣo."

And the first part of the categorical (proposition) is called [the subject (mawḍūʿ)], and the second [the predicate (maḥmūl)].

Apá àkọ́kọ́ ti ìdánimọ̀ ìsọ̀rí ni a ń pè ní [kókó-ọ̀rọ̀ (mawḍūʿ)], èkejì ni [àpèjúwe (maḥmūl)].

And the first part of the conditional (proposition) is called [the antecedent (muqaddam)], and the second [the consequent (tālī)].

Apá àkọ́kọ́ ti ìdánimọ̀ àdéhùn ni a ń pè ní [ìṣáájú (muqaddam)], èkejì ni [ìtẹ̀lé (tālī)].

And the proposition is either affirmative (mūjabah): like our saying: "Zayd is a writer."

Ìdánimọ̀ sì jẹ́ àyàtọ̀ sí oríṣi méjì: ìdánimọ̀ ìfẹ̀sí (mūjabah): bí ọ̀rọ̀ wa: "Zayd jẹ́ òǹkọ̀wé."

Or negative (sālibah): like our saying: "Zayd is not a writer."

Tàbí ìdánimọ̀ ìfòdì (sālibah): bí ọ̀rọ̀ wa: "Zayd kì í ṣe òǹkọ̀wé."

And each one of the two is either particularized (makhṣūṣah), as we mentioned.

Olúkúlùkù méjèèjì jẹ́ àyàtọ̀: bóyá ìdánimọ̀ àkànṣe (makhṣūṣah), gẹ́gẹ́ bí a ti mẹ́nu bà.

Or universal quantified (kulliyyah musawwarah): like our saying: "Every human is a writer," and "Nothing of the human is a writer."

Tàbí ìdánimọ̀ gbogbogbòò oníwọ̀n (kulliyyah musawwarah): bí ọ̀rọ̀ wa: "Gbogbo èèyàn ni òǹkọ̀wé," àti "Kò sí ohun kan nínú èèyàn tí ó jẹ́ òǹkọ̀wé."